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  • What is the development impact of vertical coordination in agricultural value chains in LMICs?

    • Institute
    • Publication

    This literature review examines how vertical coordination—tighter corporate control across agricultural value chains—affects development outcomes in low- and middle-income countries.  Having reviewed 19 academic studies on evidence-based outcomes of vertical coordination, the focus of the analysis is on three main impact areas: (1) local economic development, (2) local job creation, and (3) the inclusion of […]

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  • Business-to-Business (B2B) Organisational and Marketing Innovations in Nigerian Horticulture

    • Institute
    • Publication

    The HortiNigeria programme, implemented by IFDC in partnership with Wageningen Research, East-West Seed International and KIT Institute, is strengthening Nigeria’s horticulture sector across the entire value chain—from production to marketing. This new learning brief explores how local actors drive innovation within Business-to-Business (B2B) linkages in Kano, Kaduna, Ogun, and Oyo states. Using Actor-Network Theory, it […]

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  • A Comparative Review of Living Wage and Living Income Benchmarking Approaches

    • Institute
    • Publication

    This paper offers a systematic review of leading living wage (LW) and living income (LI) benchmarking methodologies to help users select the most appropriate approach for their specific context and purpose. Drawing on criteria developed by the Living Income Community of Practice—such as data quality, local adaptability, and stakeholder ownership—the review highlights the strengths and […]

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  • Understanding Smallholder Inclusion Efforts of the Private Sector

    • Institute
    • Publication

    Large (buying) companies in global value chains are increasingly seeking to integrate smallholder farmers into their supply chains. Accordingly, they have developed programs to promote smallholder inclusion through productivity growth, market access, quality improvement, and other initiatives. The complexity of these initiatives highlights the need for a deeper understanding of smallholder inclusion models, applying both […]

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  • How gender norms impact women’s role in forest use and forest management—illustrations from Ethiopia’s Bale Ecoregion

    • Institute
    • Publication

    This paper unravels the gender relations in rural forest-dependent communities in Ethiopia by taking a closer look at the country’s Bale Ecoregion, located in the Oromia regional state. Drawing on primary quantitative and qualitative data, the paper explores women’s roles as users of forest resources and in forest resource management, before reflecting on the construction […]

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  • Gender Equality in Blue Carbon Ecosystems: A Literature Review

    • Institute
    • Publication

    This literature review analyses how gender is understood and advanced in conservation practice, in general, and in Blue Carbon Ecosystems (BCE), in particular. It identifies knowledge gaps, trends and opportunities based on a review of academic and grey literature, and critically looks at how conservation and development are working on generating a positive impact for […]

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  • Gendered social norms in agrifood systems

    • Institute
    • Publication

    Social norms are widely accepted, informal, typically unspoken and unwritten rules of acceptable, appropriate, and obligatory behavior. They are often implicit, to the point where people internalize, accept, and follow them without critical thought.  Social norms are strongly linked to, but different from, behavior: they govern a behavior but are not the behavior itself. As […]

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  • Living Income and Child Labour in the Cocoa Sector of Côte d’Ivoire

    • Institute
    • Publication

    KIT Working Paper Child labour remains a persistent human rights violation in international commodity supply chains, adversely impacting children’s physical and mental health and depriving them of educational opportunities (UNICEF, 2020). This holds true for the cocoa sector in Côte d’Ivoire; a country that produces 43% of all cocoa worldwide (ICCO, 2022). A nationwide study […]

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  • All in on Millet?

    • Institute
    • Publication

    This article explores the re-emergence of millet in domestic value chains and its use by private actors with innovative business models – using fortification or biofortification – to highlight millet’s smart food properties. While millet has been in the shadow of rice and wheat production for decades, recently there has been renewed interest in millet […]

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  • Agriculture & Health are Inseparably Linked in Work Towards Sustainable & Economic Development

    • Institute
    • Publication

    This working paper presents a framework to account for the links between agriculture and health in low- and middle-income countries. It is aimed at supporting public and private sector donors as well as practitioners in the design of strategies, interventions, applied research, and action towards strengthening the resilience of farmers and households by improving agriculture […]

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  • Promoting the role of smallholder farmers in the mitigation of climate change

    • Institute
    • Publication

    This article explores the drivers for smallholder farmers’ participation in climate change mitigation. In particular it aims to describe the mechanisms by which smallholder farmers can participate in and benefit from programmes which offset or inset carbon emissions and offer incentives for the provision of ecosystem services.

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  • Why a segmentation strategy matters for serving the women’s market

    • Institute
    • Publication

    Insights from Access Bank market research Financial Service Providers are increasingly realising that needs and preferences differ across the female economy. Differences vary depending on women’s age, class, ethnicity, marital status, religion, wealth, stage of business, profession, location and other socially defined characteristics and markers. These factors all influence and impact the way different women […]

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